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Transport Protocols Development Overview
Transport protocols have evolved over a very long time, and each generation has inherited many attributes and behaviors from its predecessors. The dominant protocol in the transport network over much of the past two decades has been the synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH). Recently, however, the optical transport network (OTN) has taken hold as the protocol of choice.
SDH was originally designed to efficiently transport DS1, DS3, and E1 by defining containers of 1.5, 2, and 50 Mbits/s. This fine granularity was well suited for the typical client bandwidths of that time, but it prevented SDH from scaling to efficiently carry larger payloads such as 10-Gigabit Ethernet (10GE).
SDH 2.488Gbps SFP Optical Transceiver
Initially, SDH network elements were connected directly by fibre-optic cables and served as the photonic and physical layers of the open systems interconnect (OSI) protocol stack. Later, the need for increased bandwidth over a single fibre led to the deployment of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology to create an underlying transport network to the existing SDH network infrastructure. This resulted in service providers needing to operate two separate transport layer networks.
Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) networks transport client data transparently. While SDH technology transparently transports plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH) signals, it requires adaptation or partial termination for data signals and for multiplexing lower-rate SDH signals. This causes issues when transporting one service provider’s SDH signals through another service provider’s network due to the lack of overhead transparency.
The definition of OTN came at a time when all of these issues were well understood. OTN was consequently expressly defined to focus on the transport of larger-bandwidth signals, encompass both DWDM and time division multiplexing (TDM) transport network layers, and provide transparent transport of client signals.
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